Using a hash to count incrementally
A hash is great for keeping track of counts of things if you we already know what those things are, but how to add a new thing without a bunch of cumbersome code? Use fetch():
RUBY:
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count[item] = count.fetch(item, 0) + 1
If item already exists then it will add 1 to it. If item doesn't exist, it'll initialize it with a value of 0 and then add 1 to it.